Dạng bài Yes/No/Not Given trong IELTS Reading và cách làm

Câu hỏi TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN thường được đưa ra trong các bài đọc phân tích thông tin. Trong khi đó, câu hỏi YES/NO/NOT GIVEN nằm trong các bài đọc nêu lên quan điểm (views/claims) của tác giả.

SERIES 1 – IELTS READING: DẠNG BÀI YES/NO/NOT GIVEN QUESTIONS

Cách làm dạng bài YES/NO/NOT GIVEN khá giống với cách làm TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN. Tuy nhiên, việc nhận định đáp án đúng sẽ phức tạp, đòi hỏi sự phân tích sâu hơn. 3 bước cơ bản để giải quyết loại câu hỏi này như sau:

Phương pháp làm dạng bài Yes/No/Not Given

Bước 1: Định vị thông tin

Đầu tiên, chúng ta luôn đọc câu hỏi trước và xác định từ khoá. Ghi nhớ từ khóa (keywords) là các từ ngữ không thay đổi (tên riêng, thuật ngữ…). Hoặc từ đồng nghĩa với danh từ, động từ, tính từ… trong câu.

Bước 2: Xác định thông tin trong bài thông qua tìm từ khóa

Bước 3: Chọn đáp án và dùng phép thử nếu cần thiết.

Các bạn có thể click vào link để xem lại phương pháp làm dạng bài TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN.

Một điều cần nhắc lại rằng IELTS kiểm tra khả năng đọc-hiểu thông tin ĐÃ ĐỀ CẬP TRONG BÀI ĐỌC. Vì thế không nên dựa vào những kiến thức đã biết từ trước để đưa ra phán đoán.

Ví dụ:

Question 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?

YES                             if the statement  agrees with the claims of the writer

NO                               if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN               if is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1.   Attitudes towards bilingualism have changed in recent years.

2.   Bilingual people are better than monolingual people at guessing  correctly what words are before they are finished.

3.   Bilingual people consistently name images faster than monolingual people.

4.   Bilingual people’s brains process single sounds more efficiently than monolingual people in all situations.

5.   Fewer bilingual people than monolingual people suffer from brain disease in old age.

Hướng dẫn:

Bước 1: Định vị thông tin

Đầu tiên, chúng ta luôn đọc câu hỏi trước và xác định từ khoá. Ghi nhớ từ khóa (keywords) là các từ ngữ không thay đổi (tên riêng, thuật ngữ…). Hoặc từ đồng nghĩa với danh từ, động từ, tính từ… trong câu.

1.   Attitudes towards bilingualism have changed in recent years.

Những từ khoá bao gồm (attitudes, bilingualism, changed, recent years).

Bước 2: Xác định thông tin trong bài thông qua tìm từ khóa.

According to the latest figures, the majority of the world’s population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual.

Bước 3: Chọn đáp án và dùng phép thử nếu cần thiết.

Câu hỏi là “Attitudes towards bilingualism have changed in recent years.”. Thái độ/quan điểm về khả năng song ngữ đã thay đổi trong những năm gần đây.

“In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual.”

Tuy nhiên, trong vài thập kỷ qua, những tiến bộ công nghệ đã cho phép các nhà nghiên cứu nhìn sâu hơn vào cách những đứa trẻ có khả năng sử dụng song ngữ tương tác và sự thay đổi trong hệ thống thần kinh và nhận thức của chúng. Và vì vậy xác định được một vài lợi ích của người có khả năng sử dụng hai ngôn ngữ.

=> Đáp án là YES: over the past few decades = in recent years, …allowed researchers to look more deeply … , thereby identifying several clear benefits… (unlike in the past) = attitudes towards bilingualism have changed…

• Nếu chúng ta không chắc chắn với đáp án mình đưa ra, chúng ta có thể làm phép thử phủ định như sau: Attitudes towards bilingualism have changed in recent years. Thái độ/quan điểm về khả năng song ngữ đã thay đổi trong những năm gần đây.

=> Phủ định: “Attitudes towards bilingualism have not changed in recent years” (Thái độ/quan điểm về khả năng song ngữ không thay đổi trong những năm gần đây).

=> Tuy nhiên, rõ ràng trong bài đọc đã đề cập đến sự thay đổi về mặt tiêu cực khả năng song ngữ trong quá khứ đến mặt tích cực của nó trong hiện tại.

=> Câu phủ định là NO.

=> Câu đề bài đã cho “Attitudes towards bilingualism have changed in recent years.” là YES.

Luyện tập:

The Benefits of Being Bilingual

A

According to the latest figures, the majority of the world’s population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual.

B

Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don’t hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear ‘can’, you will likely activate words like ‘candy’ and ‘candle’ as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong.

Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called ‘language coactivation’, comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick up a marker’ from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn’t know Russian, because the Russian word for ‘stamp’, marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, ‘marker’. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language.

C

Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’, when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two languages creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In the classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word’s font. When the colour and the word match (i., the word ‘red’ printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don’t match (i., the word ‘red’ printed in blue).

This occurs because the word itself (‘red’) and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy.

D

It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception.

E

Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focussing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know.

F

Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients.

In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients matched on the severity of Alzheimer’s symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals’ brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel.

G

Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appeared on one side of a screen. Halfway through the study, the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they’d learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language.

Question 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?

YES                             if the statement  agrees with the claims of the writer

NO                               if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN               if is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1.   Attitudes towards bilingualism have changed in recent years.

2.   Bilingual people are better than monolingual people at guessing  correctly what words are before they are finished.

3.   Bilingual people consistently name images faster than monolingual people.

4.   Bilingual people’s brains process single sounds more efficiently than monolingual people in all situations.

5.   Fewer bilingual people than monolingual people suffer from brain disease in old age.

-Taken from IELTS Cambridge 12-

Đáp án

1.   Example

2.   NOT GIVEN: 

Bilingual people are better than monolingual people at guessing  correctly what words are before they are finished.

Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time…. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be…=> không có yếu tố thể hiện so sánh “better than monolingual people…”

3.   NO:

Bilingual people consistently name images faster than monolingual people.

Đoạn C: “For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’, when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind.”

=> knowing more than one language = bilingual people, …cause speakers to name pictures more slowly… >< consistently name images faster…

4.   NO

Đoạn D: When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners’ neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound’s fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception.

=> Câu hỏi: “Bilingual people’s brains process single sounds more efficiently than monolingual people in all situations.” (bộ não của người song ngữ có khả năng xử lý âm thanh đơn tốt hơn người nói một ngoại ngữ trong mọi tình huống).

Đoạn văn:  Khi không có sự can thiệp của tiếng ồn nền (background noise), khả năng xử lý âm thanh của người có một ngoại ngữ hoặc song ngữ là như nhau (…more efficiently than…in all situations >< …without any intervening background noise, …show highly similar brain stem responses…

5.   NOT GIVEN

“Fewer bilingual people than monolingual people suffer from brain disease in old age.”

“Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients”

=> Dù đoạn văn có đề cập đến bệnh Alzheimer’ (bệnh thường gặp ở người cao tuổi), không có thông tin nào nói số lượng người nói song ngữ bị bệnh ít hơn số lượng người nói đơn ngữ.

Nếu bạn đang tìm chọn một điểm đến học tập IELTS thực sự chất lượng, tận tâm, hãy kết nối cùng 4WORDS. Tham gia Thi thử – Học thử hoàn toàn miễn phí. Cùng 4WORDS Tối đa hiệu quả – Tối thiểu thời gian – Tối giản chi phí. 4WORDS dẫn đầu về thành tích đào tạo IELTS/SAT